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This report was funded by Arnold Ventures. We are grateful to them and to all our funders, who make it possible for Urban to advance its mission. 

The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Funders do not determine research findings or the insights and recommendations of Urban experts. Further information on the Urban Institute’s funding principles is available at urban.org/fundingprinciples. 

We thank the Nebraska and Utah stakeholders who took time to share their insights and experiences with us. We also thank Barbara Pierce at the Crime and Justice Institute for her contributions. 

Robin Olsen
URBAN INSTITUTE 

Ammar Khalid 
URBAN INSTITUTE

Ashlin Oglesby-Neal
URBAN INSTITUTE

Tessa Upin 
CRIME AND CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE

with 

Cortnee Eakins 
CRIME AND CRIME AND JUSTICE INSTITUTE

Urban Institute

The nonprofit Urban Institute is a leading research organization dedicated to developing evidence-based insights that improve people’s lives and strengthen communities. For 50 years, Urban has been the trusted source for rigorous analysis of complex social and economic issues; strategic advice to policymakers, philanthropists, and practitioners; and new, promising ideas that expand opportunities for all. Our work inspires effective decisions that advance fairness and enhance the well-being of people and places.

CJI Crime and Justice Institute

The Crime and Justice Institute (CJI), a division of Community Resources for Justice, bridges the gap between research and practice with data-driven solutions that drive bold, transformative improvements in adult and youth justice systems. With a reputation built over many decades for innovative thinking, a client-centered approach, and impartial analysis, CJI assists leaders and practitioners in developing and implementing effective policies that achieve better outcomes and build stronger, safer communities. Find out more at www.cjinstitute.org. 


Statement of Independence

The Urban Institute strives to meet the highest standards of integrity and quality in its research and analyses and in the evidence-based policy recommendations offered by its researchers and experts. We believe that operating consistent with the values of independence, rigor, and transparency is essential to maintaining those standards. As an organization, the Urban Institute does not take positions on issues, but it does empower and support its experts in sharing their own evidence-based views and policy recommendations that have been shaped by scholarship. Funders do not determine our research findings or the insights and recommendations of our experts. Urban scholars and experts are expected to be objective and follow the evidence wherever it may lead. 

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